User:PachPachis/sandbox
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Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Turkmen: Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow, Сапармырат Атайевич Ныязов; 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who served as the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his retirement in 2006. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and continued to lead Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
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PachPachis/sandbox | |||||||
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Clockwise from top: Battle of Gettysburg, Union Captain John Tidball's artillery, Confederate prisoners, ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of Richmond, Virginia, Battle of Franklin. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States | Confederate States | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Abraham Lincoln † |
Jefferson Davis | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
2,200,000:[2] 698,000 (peak)[3][better source needed][4] | 360,000 (peak)[3][6] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
110,000+ killed in action/died of wounds 365,000+ total dead[9]
282,000+ wounded[8] |
94,000+ killed in action/died of wounds[7] 290,000+ total dead | ||||||
50,000 free civilians dead[12] 80,000+ slaves dead[13] Total: 785,000–1,000,000+ dead[14][15] |
Turkmen media referred to him using the title "His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers".[citation needed] His self-given title Türkmenbaşy, meaning Head of the Turkmen, referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World.[16]
Foreign media criticized him for being one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive dictators, highlighting his reputation of imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which extended to renaming months for details of his own biography among other things.[17] Global Witness, a London-based human rights organization, reported that money under Niyazov's control and held overseas may be in excess of US$3 billion, of which between $1.8–$2.6 billion was supposedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at Deutsche Bank in Germany.[18]