下表列举了在维基条目中用天城文拼写印地语、乌尔都字母拼写的乌尔都语内容如何使用国际音标发音。欲查看在条目中添加国际音标符号的指引,请见{{IPA-hns}}、{{IPA-hi}}及{{IPA-ur}}。
表格
More information 辅音, IPA[1] ...
辅音
|
IPA[1] |
印地文[1] |
ISO 15919 [1] |
乌尔都文 |
英语近似发音
|
b
|
ब |
ba |
ب |
butter
|
bʱ
|
भ |
bha |
بھ |
abhor
|
d[2]
|
द |
da |
د |
the
|
dʱ[2]
|
ध |
dha |
دھ |
within(dhh音,舌触及上腭,强烈呼气)
|
dʒ
|
ज |
ja |
ج |
jazz
|
dʒʱ
|
झ |
jha |
جھ |
hedgehog(强jhh音)
|
ɖ[2]
|
ड |
ḍa |
ڈ |
gourd
|
ɖʱ[2]
|
ढ |
ḍha |
ڈھ |
adhere
|
f
|
फ़ |
fa |
ف |
food
|
ɡ
|
ग |
ga |
گ |
green
|
ɡʱ
|
घ |
gha |
گھ |
big headed
|
ɣ
|
ग़ |
ġa |
غ |
类似法语r(主要为乌尔都语;印地语有时替换为[ɡ] (ग))
|
ɦ
|
ह |
ha |
ح |
head
|
j
|
य |
ya |
ی |
yak
|
k
|
क |
ka |
ک |
sky
|
kʰ
|
ख |
kha |
کھ |
car
|
l
|
ल |
la |
ل |
leaf
|
m
|
म |
ma |
م |
much
|
n
|
न |
na |
ن |
not
|
ɳ
|
ण |
ṇa |
ن |
burn(主要为印地语;乌尔都语使用[n] (ن))
|
ɲ
|
ञ |
ña |
ن |
大致为canyon(主要为印地语;乌尔都语使用[n] (ن))
|
ŋ
|
ङ |
ṅa |
ن |
bank(主要为印地语;乌尔都语使用[n] (ن))
|
p
|
प |
pa |
پ |
sport
|
pʰ
|
फ |
pha |
پھ |
pencil
|
q
|
क़ |
qa |
ق |
quail(喉部k音,舌不触及上腭)(主要为乌尔都语;印地语有时替换为[k] (क))
|
ɾ
|
र |
ra |
ر |
美式英语butter(r可能为颤音[3])
|
r
|
ɽ
|
ड़ |
ṛa |
ڑ |
gourd
|
ɽʱ
|
ढ़ |
ṛha |
ڑھ |
[ɽ]加h;有些类似美式英语warhead
|
s
|
स |
sa |
ث، س، ص |
sue
|
ʂ
|
ष |
ṣa |
ش/س |
shrimp (主要为印地语;乌尔都语使用[ʃ] (ش)或[s] (س))
|
ʃ
|
श |
śa |
ش |
shoe
|
t[2]
|
त |
ta |
ت، ط |
still
|
tʰ[2]
|
थ |
tha |
تھ |
tip
|
tʃ
|
च |
ca |
چ |
catch
|
tʃʰ
|
छ |
cha |
چھ |
choose
|
ʈ[2]
|
ट |
ṭa |
ٹ |
carts
|
ʈʰ[2]
|
ठ |
ṭha |
ٹھ |
trip
|
ʋ[4]
|
व |
va |
و |
介乎w和v之间
|
x
|
ख़ |
k͟ha |
خ |
Bach(主要为乌尔都语;印地语有时替换为[kʰ] (ख))
|
z
|
ज़ |
za |
ذ، ز، ض، ظ |
zen
|
ʒ
|
श़ |
zha |
ژ |
pleasure
|
|
元音
|
IPA |
印地文 |
ISO 15919 |
乌尔都文 |
英语近似发音
|
aː
|
आ, पा |
ā |
آ, بَا |
far
|
eː
|
ए, पे |
ē |
اے، بے |
Yale
|
ɛː
|
ऐ, पै |
ai |
اَے، بَے |
hen
|
ə[5]
|
अ, प |
a |
اَ، بَ |
strut
|
iː[6]
|
ई, पी |
ī |
اِی، بِی |
feed
|
ɪ[6]
|
इ, पि |
i |
اِ، بِ |
dill
|
oː
|
ओ, पो |
ō |
او، بو |
story
|
ɔː
|
औ, पौ |
au |
اَو، بَو |
dog
|
uː[6]
|
ऊ, पू |
ū |
اُو، بُو |
moon
|
ʊ[6]
|
उ, पु |
u |
اُ، بُ |
book
|
ɾɪ
|
ऋ, पृ |
r̥ |
ری، پر |
乌尔都语使用[r] (ر)
|
|
Close
注释
In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.
To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t tʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d dʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t d] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [tʰ dʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
/ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r], mostly as an allophone in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill, e.g. zarā [zəɾaː] (ज़रा – ذرا 'little') versus well-trilled zarrā [zəraː] (ज़र्रा – ذرّہ 'particle').
[v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
/ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
/iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.
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