Потребител:Antonjj/Антарктида
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Период | Държава | Експедиция | Кораб(и) | Водач | Описание | Източници |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897–99 | Белгия | Белгийска антарктическа експедиция | Belgica | Адриан Жерлаш дьо Гомери |
Първата експедиция, която презимува в Полярния кръг, след като корабът им засяда в море Белингсхаузен. Първа събира данни за целогодишнияа климат в Антарктида. Стига и до 71°30' ю.ш. и открива протока Жерлаш | [1][2][3] |
1898–1900 | Великобритания | Британска антарктическа експедиция 1898 (Експедиция Южен кръст) |
Southern Cross | Карстен Борхгревинк |
Първата експедиция, презимувала на континентална Антарктида (нос Адер) и първата, използвала шейни с кучешки впрягове. Пресича шелфовия ледник Рос (известен и като Голямата ледена бариера),[4]. Достига до 78°30' ю.ш., поставяйки нов рекорд за най-южна достигната точка на Земята. Изчислява местоположението на Южния магнитен полюс. | [5][6][7] |
1901–04 | Великобритания | Национална антарктическа експедиция 1901 (Експедиция Дискавъри) |
Discovery Morning (провизии) Terra Nova (провизии) |
Робърт Скот |
Първо изкачване на Западните планини в Земя Виктория, открива Полярното плато. Достига до поредния рекорд за най-южната достигната точка на Земята - 82°17' ю.ш..[8] Много други географски обекти за открити, картографирани или наименувани. Първата от няколкото експедиции, базирани в протока Макмърдо. | [9][10][11] |
1901–03 | Германия | Първа германска антарктическа експедиция (Експедиция Гаус) |
Gauss | Ерих фон Дригалски |
Първата експедиция, изаследвала Източна Антарктида, открила Земя Кайзер Вилхелм II и връх Гаус. Корабът засяда в ледовете, което слага край на изследванията. | [12][13][14] |
1901–03 | Швеция | Шведска антарктическа експедиция | Antarctic | Ото Норденшелд |
Експедицията изследва региона на Земя Греъм и засяда на островите Сноу Хил и Полет в море Уедъл след потъването на експедиционния им кораб. Спасени са от аржентинския кораб Uruguay. | [15][16][17] |
1902–04 | Великобритания | Шотландска национална антарктическа експедиция | Scotia | William Speirs Bruce |
Създава South Orkney Islands was established. The Weddell Sea was penetrated to 74°01'S, and the coastline of Coats Land was discovered, defining the sea's eastern limits. | [18][19] |
1903–05 | Франция | Third French Antarctic Expedition | Français | Jean-Baptiste Charcot |
Originally intended as a relief expedition for the stranded Nordenskiöld party, the main work of this expedition was the mapping and charting of islands and the western coasts of Graham Land, on the Antarctic peninsula. A section of the coast was explored, and named Loubet Land after the President of France. | [20][21][22] |
1907–09 | Великобритания | British Antarctic Expedition 1907 (Nimrod Expedition) |
Nimrod | Ernest Shackleton |
The first expedition led by Shackleton. Based in McMurdo Sound, it pioneered the Beardmore Glacier route to the South Pole, and the (limited) use of motorised transport. Its southern march reached 88°23'S, a new Farthest South record 97 geographical miles from the Pole. The Northern Party reached the location of the South Magnetic Pole. | [23][24][25] |
1908–10 | Франция | Fourth French Antarctic Expedition | Pourquoi-Pas? IV | Jean-Baptiste Charcot |
This continued the work of the earlier French expedition with a general exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea, and the discovery of islands and other features, including Marguerite Bay, Charcot Island, Renaud Island, Mikkelsen Bay, Rothschild Island. | [20][22][26] |
1910–12 | Япония | Japanese Antarctic Expedition | Kainan Maru | Nobu Shirase |
The first non-European Antarctic expedition carried out a coastal exploration of King Edward VII Land, and investigated the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, reaching 80°5'S. | [27][28] |
1910–12 | Норвегия | Amundsen's South Pole expedition | Fram | Roald Amundsen |
First to the South Pole: Amundsen set up camp on the Great Ice Barrier, at the Bay of Whales. He discovered a new route to the polar plateau via the Axel Heiberg Glacier. A party of five led by Amundsen reached the South Pole via this route on 15 December 1911. | [29][30][31] |
1910–13 | Великобритания | British Antarctic Expedition 1910 (Terra Nova Expedition) |
Terra Nova | Robert Falcon Scott† |
Scott's last expedition, based like his first in McMurdo Sound. Scott and four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold. | [32][33][34] |
1911–13 | Germany | Second German Antarctic Expedition | Deutschland | Wilhelm Filchner |
The objective was the first crossing of Antarctica. The expedition made the southernmost Weddell Sea penetration to date, reaching 77°45'S, and discovering Luitpold Coast, Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, and Vahsel Bay. It failed to establish a shore base from which to mount its transcontinental march, and after a long drift in the Weddell Sea pack ice it returned to South Georgia. | [17][35][36] |
1911–14 | Австралия | Australasian Antarctic Expedition | Aurora | Douglas Mawson |
The expedition concentrated on the stretch of Antarctic coastline between Cape Adare and Mount Gauss, carrying out mapping and survey work on coastal and inland territories. Discoveries included Commonwealth Bay, Ninnis Glacier, Mertz Glacier, and Queen Mary Land. | [37][38][39] |
1914–17 | Великобритания | Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition | Endurance |
Ernest Shackleton |
Another transcontinental crossing attempt. It failed to land the Weddell Sea shore party after Endurance was trapped and crushed in ice. The expedition then rescued itself after a series of exploits, including a prolonged drift on an ice-floe, Shackleton's open boat journey, and the first crossing of South Georgia. | [40][41] |
1914–17 | Великобритания | Ross Sea party In support of Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition |
Aurora | Aeneas Mackintosh† |
Its objective was to lay depots across the Great Ice Barrier, to supply the party crossing from the Weddell Sea. All the required depots were laid, but in the process three men, including the leader Mackintosh, lost their lives. | [42] |
1921–22 | Великобритания | Shackleton–Rowett Expedition | Quest | Ernest Shackleton† |
Vaguely defined objectives included coastal mapping, a possible continental circumnavigation, the investigation of sub-Antarctic islands, and oceanographic work. After Shackleton's death on 5 January 1922, Quest completed a shortened programme before returning home. | [43][44] |
Close
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- Huntford (Last Place on Earth) pp. 64–75
- Второто име (Голяма ледена бариера) е използвано по време на Геройския период. По-късно се появява и днешното име (Шелфов ледник Рос) по името на шотландския полярен изследовател Джеймс Рос
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- Jean-Baptiste Charcot // South-pole.com. Посетен на 24 September 2008.(Pourquoispas? voyage)
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- Shackleton, pp. 63–85
- Alexander, pp. 143–53
- Tyler-Lewis, pp. 193–197
- Huntford (Shackleton), p. 684
- Fisher, p. 483