History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)
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In the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, to be succeeded by former Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin. During that period, the crackdown of the protests in 1989 led to great woes in China's reputation globally, and sanctions resulted. The situation, however, would eventually stabilize. Deng's idea of checks and balances in the political system also saw its demise with Jiang consolidating power in the party, state and military. The 1990s saw healthy economic development, but the closing of state-owned enterprises and increasing levels of corruption and unemployment, along with environmental challenges continued to plague China, as the country saw the rise to consumerism, crime, and new-age spiritual-religious movements such as Falun Gong. The 1990s also saw the peaceful handover of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese control under the formula of One Country, Two Systems. China also saw a new surge of nationalism when facing crises abroad.
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People's Republic of China
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1989–2002 | |||||||||||||
Anthem:
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Capital | Beijing 39°55′N 116°23′E | ||||||||||||
Largest city | Shanghai (metropolitan area and urban area) | ||||||||||||
Official languages | Standard Chinese | ||||||||||||
Recognised regional languages | |||||||||||||
Official script | Simplified Chinese[lower-alpha 1] | ||||||||||||
Ethnic groups | See Ethnic groups in China | ||||||||||||
Religion | See Religion in China | ||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Chinese | ||||||||||||
Government | Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic | ||||||||||||
Jiang Zemin | |||||||||||||
Yang Shangkun (until 1993) Jiang Zemin (from 1993) | |||||||||||||
• Premier | Li Peng (until 1998) Zhu Rongji (from 1998) | ||||||||||||
Legislature | National People's Congress | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Cold War, Post-Cold War | ||||||||||||
• Jiang Zemin became Paramount leader | 24 June 1989 | ||||||||||||
26 December 1991 | |||||||||||||
1 July 1997 | |||||||||||||
20 December 1999 | |||||||||||||
15 November 2002 | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
• Water (%) | 2.8% | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 2000 | 1,290,550,765 | ||||||||||||
GDP (PPP) | 2002 estimate | ||||||||||||
• Total | $4,48T | ||||||||||||
• Per capita | $3,500 | ||||||||||||
GDP (nominal) | 2002 estimate | ||||||||||||
• Total | $1.47T | ||||||||||||
• Per capita | $1,148 | ||||||||||||
HDI (2002) | 0.604 medium (113rd) | ||||||||||||
Currency | Renminbi (yuan; ¥) (CNY) | ||||||||||||
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) | ||||||||||||
Date format | |||||||||||||
Driving side | right[lower-alpha 2] | ||||||||||||
Calling code | +86 | ||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | CN | ||||||||||||
Internet TLD | |||||||||||||
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