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Kingdom in Southwest Europe / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spain (Spanish: España [esˈpaɲa] ⓘ), officially the Kingdom of Spain[11] (Spanish: Reino de España),[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera[12] make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco).[lower-alpha 8] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Kingdom of Spain | |
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Motto: "Plus ultra" (Latin) "Further Beyond" | |
Anthem: "Marcha Real" (Spanish)[2] "Royal March" | |
Capital and largest city | Madrid 40°26′N 3°42′W |
Official language and national language | Spanish[lower-alpha 3] |
Ethnic groups (2018)[4] |
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Religion (2019)[5] |
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Demonym(s) | |
Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Felipe VI |
Pedro Sánchez | |
Pío García-Escudero | |
Ana Pastor Julián | |
Carlos Lesmes Serrano | |
Legislature | Cortes Generales |
Senate | |
Congress of Deputies | |
Formation | |
20 January 1469 | |
• De facto | 23 January 1516 |
• De jure | 9 June 1715 |
19 March 1812 | |
29 December 1978 | |
1 January 1986 | |
Area | |
• Total | 505,990[6] km2 (195,360 sq mi) (51st) |
• Water (%) | 1.04 |
Population | |
• 2018 estimate | 46,733,038 [lower-alpha 5] (30th) |
• Density | 92/km2 (238.3/sq mi) (112th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2018 estimate |
• Total | $1.864 trillion[8] (16th) |
• Per capita | $40,290[8] (31st) |
GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
• Total | $1.506 trillion[8] (12th) |
• Per capita | $32,559[8] (30th) |
Gini (2017) | 34.1[9] medium (103rd) |
HDI (2017) | 0.891[10] very high (26th) |
Currency | Euro[lower-alpha 6] (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC±0 to +1 (WET and CET) |
UTC+1 to +2 (WEST and CEST) | |
Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the Canary Islands and Plazas de soberanía which observe WET/WEST | |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (CE) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +34 |
ISO 3166 code | ES |
Internet TLD | .es[lower-alpha 7] |
With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth largest country in the European continent. By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Málaga and Bilbao.
Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago. Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician, Greek, Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE, after which the region was named Hispania, based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp(a)n or Spania.[13] At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi, Alans and Vandals. Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including Byzantine provinces, into the Kingdom of Toledo, which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically and legally all the former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania.
In the early eighth century the Visigothic Kingdom fell to the Moors of the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate, who arrived to rule most of the peninsula in the year 726, leaving only a handful of small Christian realms in the north and lasting up to seven centuries in the Kingdom of Granada. This led to many wars during a long reconquering period across the Iberian Peninsula, which led to the creation of Kingdom of Leon, Kingdom of Castille, Kingdom of Aragon and Kingdom of Navarre as the main Christian kingdoms to face the invasion. Following the Moorish conquest, Europeans began a gradual process of retaking the region known as the Reconquista,[14] which by the late 15th century culminated in the emergence of Spain as a unified country under the Catholic Monarchs.
In the early modern period, Spain became the world's first global empire and the most powerful country in the world, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes +570 million Hispanophones,[15] making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with world-famous painters such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during the Golden Age. Spain hosts the world's third-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a parliamentary monarchy,[16] with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major developed country[17] and a high income country, with the world's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity. It is a member of the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Eurozone, the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and many other international organisations. While not an official member, Spain has a "Permanent Invitation" to the G20 summits, participating in every summit, which makes Spain a de facto member of the group.[18]