User:KingWither/sandbox
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Scotland, officially the Kingdom of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba; Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) is a country in northwest Europe. It consists of the northern third of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjacent islands,[9] principally in the archipelagos of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. To the south-east Scotland has its only land border, which is 96 miles (154 kilometres) long and shared with England; the country is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, the North Sea to the north-east and east, and the Irish Sea to the south. The population in 2022 was 5,436,600, and in 2019 Scotland accounted for 8% of the population of the UK.[10] Edinburgh is the capital and Glasgow is the largest of the cities of Scotland.
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Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lat. | |||||||||
Click | (!) | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
Plosive | voiceless | lenis | p | t | k | q | ʔ | |||
fortis | pː | tː | kː | qː | ||||||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɢ | ||||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | lenis | f | θ | s | ɬ | ʃ | (x) | h | |
fortis | fː | θː | sː | ɬː | ʃː | (xː) | ||||
voiced | v | ð | z | ɮ | ʒ | (ɣ) | ||||
ejective | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | ʃʼ | (xʼ) | |||||
Trill | (ʙ) | r | ||||||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Kingdom of Scotland | |
---|---|
Anthem: "Scots Wha Hae" | |
Capital | Edinburgh 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W |
Largest city | Glasgow 55°51′40″N 4°15′00″W |
Official languages[1] | |
Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2011[2]) |
|
Demonym(s) |
|
Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Charles III |
Humza Yousaf | |
Legislature | Parliament |
Senate | |
National Assembly | |
Formation | |
9th century (traditionally 843) | |
17 March 1328 | |
3 October 1357[3] | |
1 May 1707 | |
19 November 1998 | |
5 July 2028 | |
6 May 2029 | |
Area | |
• Total[a] | 80,231 km2 (30,977 sq mi)[4] |
• Land[b] | 77,901 km2 (30,078 sq mi)[4] |
Population | |
• 2022 census | 5,436,600 |
• Density | 70/km2 (181.3/sq mi)[5] |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | £211.7 billion |
• Per capita | £38,622[6][d] |
Gini (2019-22) | 31[7] medium |
HDI (2021) | 0.921[8] very high |
Time zone | UTC+0 |
ISO 3166 code | GB-SCT |
Internet TLD | .scot[c] |
|
The original Scottish State, also the Kingdom of Scotland, was traditionally founded in the 9th century. In 1603, King James VI inherited England and Ireland, forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. On 1 May 1707 Scotland and England combined to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain,[11][12] with the Parliament of Scotland subsumed into the Parliament of Great Britain. Scotland ceased to be an independent state, although retaining its national identity. Great Britain, and later the United Kingdom, was predominantly English, and minor independence movements existed throughout their existence, including the Jacobite rising of 1745. However, it wasn't until the later part of the 20th century, when a sustained civic nationalist movement existed, in the form of the Scottish National Party (SNP). A referendum was held in 2014 where independence was rejected with 55.3% voting to maintain the Union. Following the continued success of the SNP, and growing support for independence following the United Kingdom's 2016 departure from the European Union, a second referendum was held in 2028, where 67.4% of voters supported independence. After a brief period of effective self-autonomy, the Constitution of Scotland was ratified in a referendum in 2029, establishing the modern Scottish State.
The mainland of Scotland is broadly divided into three regions: the Highlands, a mountainous region in the north and north-west; the Lowlands, a flatter plain across the centre of the country; and the Southern Uplands, a hilly region along the southern border. The Highlands are the most mountainous region of the UK and contain its highest peak, Ben Nevis (1,345 metres (4,413 ft)) The region also contains many lakes, called lochs; the term is also applied to the many saltwater inlets along the country's deeply indented western coastline. The geography of the many islands is varied. Some, such as Mull and Skye, are noted for their mountainous terrain, while the likes of Tiree and Coll are much flatter.
Scottish culture has had a profound global impact, with significant contributions to music, cinema, literature, art and popular culture.