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The Republic of China (ROC),[lower-alpha 11] or simply China,[lower-alpha 12] was a sovereign state that based in Mainland China from 1912 to 1949 (Minkuo 1–38),[lower-alpha 1] prior to the relocation of government to Taiwan. Established after the Xinhai Revolution in 1 January 1912, the state was early ruled by the Beiyang government, before local warlords took their charge. The rise of the Canton-based Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) under Sun Yat-sen led to the overthrow of the Beiyang government, which established the Nationalist government that ruled China from 1928 to 1949. Amid the global conflict of the Cold War from 1947, the ruling party, the Kuomintang, was defeated by the Chinese Communist Party, which later founded the People's Republic of China on Mainland China on 1 January 1949, while the ROC relocated to Taiwan that based in Taipei, where it retains actual rule over the Taiwan Area with the political status of Taiwan remaining in dispute to this day.
The republic was proclaimed on 1 January 1912, ensuing the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. Sun Yat-sen, its founder and provisional, served only briefly before handing over the presidency to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. Yuan became authoritarian and used his military power to control the administration, which became known as the "Beiyang government." The country fragmented between the various local commanders of the Beiyang Army, leading to the period known as the Warlord Era. The Kuomintang (Nationalists), under Sun's leadership, attempted to establish a rival national government in Canton. He was finally able to take Canton, owing to Soviet support; they later formed the First United Front with the Chinese Communist Party. Sun's death in 1925 led to a power struggle, leading to General Chiang Kai-shek becoming Chairman of the Kuomintang. Chiang led a successful "Northern Expedition" with strategic alliances with warlords and Soviet support. The nationalist alliance with the communists ended up by the purge of the communists from the KMT in 1927, and the last major independent warlord pledged allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing in the year later.
Despite relative prosperity during the following ten years under Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist rule was still destabilised by the civil war, revolts by the KMT's warlord allies, and steady territorial encroachments by Japan. The CCP gradually rebuilt its strength by focusing on organising peasants in the countryside. Warlords' resentments on Chiang's attempts to unify their clique led to devastating uprisings, most significantly the Central Plains War. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 triggered conflict between China and Japan, which escalated in 1937 when the Japanese totally penetrated China, leading to the devastration of the republic. In the aftermath of the Second World War in 1945, Taiwan were placed under the Chinese adminstration. The civil war resumed between the Nationalists and the Communists, with the Communist People's Liberation Army, under Mao Zedong, routing the National Revolutionary Army, resulting in the government's retreat to Taiwan. In October 1949, the CCP established of the People's Republic of China, with nationalist remnents hanging in Mainland China until 1951.
The ROC was a founding member of the League of Nations and later the United Nations (including its Security Council seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the People's Republic of China took over its membership. It was also a member of the Universal Postal Union and the International Olympic Committee. At a population of 541 million in 1949, it was the world's most populous country. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres (4.4 million square miles) of its previously claimed territory,[2] it consisted of 35 provinces, 1 special administrative region, 2 regions, 12 special municipalities, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners.