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Quick Facts British Civil War with Foreign Intervention, Date ...
British Civil War with Foreign Intervention | |||||||||
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Clockwise from top left: Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Trenton, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Guilford Court House | |||||||||
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- A cease-fire in America was proclaimed by Congress on April 11, 1783, pursuant to a cease-fire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified on January 14, 1784, in the U.S., with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783.
- Simms 2009, pp. 615–618
- Tortora, Daniel J. (February 4, 2015). "Indian Patriots from Eastern Massachusetts: Six Perspectives". Journal of the American Revolution.
- Axelrod 2014, p. 66
- Eelking 1893, p. 66
- Atwood 2002, pp. 1, 23
- Lowell 1884, pp. 14–15
- Duncan, L. 1931, p. 371
- Lanning 2009, pp. 195–196
- Greene & Pole 2008, p. 328
- U.S. Merchant Marine 2012, "Privateers and Mariners"
- Paullin 1906, pp. 315–316
- Chartrand 2006, p. 63
- Mackesy 1993 [1964], pp. 6, 176
- Savas & Dameron 2006, p. xli
- Knesebeck 2017 [1845], p. 9
- Burrows 2008a, "Patriots or Terrorists"
- Clodfelter 2017, pp. 133–134
- Rignault 2004, pp. 20, 53
- Clodfelter 2017, pp. 75, 135
- Otfinoski 2008, p. 16
- Archuleta 2006, p. 69
- Clodfelter 2017, p. 134
- Burrows 2008b, Forgotten Patriots
- Augustin de La Balme independently marched on Detroit under a French flag with British Canadien militia recruited from western Quebec (Illinois County, Virginia) at the county seat of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.[5]
- Sixty-five percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from Hesse-Kassel (16,000) and Hesse-Hanau (2,422), flying this same flag.[8]
- Twenty percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (5,723), flying this flag.[9]
- The total in active duty service for the American Cause during the American Revolutionary War numbered 200,000.[13]
- In 1780, General Rochambeau landed in Rhode Island with an independent command of about 6000 troops,[18] and in 1781 Admiral de Grasse landed nearly 4000 troops who were detached to Lafayette's Continental Army surrounding British General Cornwallis in Virginia at Yorktown.[19] An additional 750 French troops participated with the Spanish assault on Pensacola.[20]
- For five months in 1778 from July to November, the French deployed a fleet to assist American operations off of New York, Rhode Island and Savannah commanded by Admiral d'Estaing, with little result.[21] In September 1781, Admiral de Grasse left the West Indies to defeat the British fleet off Virginia at the Battle of the Chesapeake, then offloaded 3,000 troops and siege cannon to support Washington's Siege of Yorktown.[22]
- Governor Bernardo de Gálvez deployed 500 Spanish regulars in his New Orleans based attacks on British held locations west of the Mississippi River in Spanish Luisiana.[24] In later engagements, Galvez had 800 regulars from New Orleans to assault Mobile, reinforced by infantry from regiments of Jose de Ezpeleta from Havana. In the assault on Pensacola, the Spanish Army contingents from Havana exceeded 9,000.[25] For the final days of the siege at Pensacola siege, Admiral Jose Solano's fleet landed 1600 crack infantry veterans from that of Gibraltar.[20]
- Admiral Jose Solano's fleet arrived from the Mediterranean Sea to support the Spanish conquest of English Pensacola, West Florida.[20]
- Beyond the 2112 deaths recorded by the French Government fighting for U.S. independence, additional men died fighting Britain in a war waged by France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic from 1778 to 1784, "overseas" from the American Revolution as posited by a British scholar[specify] in his "War of the American Revolution".[37]
- Clodfelter reports that the total deaths among the British and their allies numbered 15,000 killed in battle or died of wounds. These included estimates of 3000 Germans, 3000 Loyalists and Canadians, 3000 lost at sea, and 500 Native Americans killed in battle or died of wounds.[35]