Kwamfuta
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Kwamfuta wata na'ura ce da za a iya tsara ta don aiwatar da jerin ayyukan ƙididdiga ko aiki na hankali (lissafi) ta atomatik. Kwamfutocin lantarki na zamani na dijital na iya yin nau'ikan ayyuka da aka sani da shirye-shirye. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba kwamfutoci damar yin ayyuka da yawa. Kalmar tsarin kwamfuta na iya nufin wata cikakkiyar kwamfyuta mai suna wanda ya haɗa da hardware, tsarin aiki, software, da kayan aikin da ake buƙata kuma ana amfani da su don cikakken aiki; ko zuwa ga rukunin kwamfutoci waɗanda ke da alaƙa kuma suna aiki tare, kamar cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ko cluster na kwamfuta.
Yawancin samfuran masana'antu da masu amfani suna amfani da kwamfutoci azaman tsarin sarrafawa. Ana haɗa na'urori masu sauƙi na musamman na musamman kamar tanda na microwave da na'urori masu nisa, haka kuma na'urorin masana'anta kamar robots masana'antu da ƙirar kwamfuta, da na'urori na gaba ɗaya kamar kwamfutoci na sirri da na'urorin hannu kamar wayoyi. Kwamfutoci suna amfani da Intanet, wanda ke haɗa biliyoyin kwamfutoci da masu amfani da su.
An yi nufin amfani da kwamfutoci na farko don lissafi kawai. Sauƙaƙan kayan aikin hannu kamar abacus sun taimaki mutane wajen yin lissafin tun zamanin da. A farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, an gina wasu na'urori na injina don sarrafa dogayen ayyuka masu wahala, kamar ja-gorancin ƙirar saƙa. Ingantattun injunan lantarki sun yi ƙididdiga na musamman na analog a farkon ƙarni na 20. An kera na'urorin lissafin lantarki na farko na dijital a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, duka na lantarki da kuma amfani da bawuloli na thermionic. Na farko semiconductor transistor a cikin ƙarshen 1940s sun biyo bayan MOSFET na tushen silicon (MOS transistor) da fasahar haɗaɗɗen guntu na monolithic a ƙarshen 1950s, wanda ke haifar da microprocessor da juyin juya halin microcomputer a cikin 1970s. Gudu, ƙarfi da juzu'i na kwamfutoci suna ƙaruwa sosai tun daga wannan lokacin, tare da ƙididdigar transistor suna ƙaruwa cikin sauri (Dokar Moore ta lura cewa ana ninka sau biyu duk bayan shekaru biyu), wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin dijital a ƙarshen 20th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21st.
A al'ada, kwamfuta ta zamani ta ƙunshi aƙalla nau'ikan sarrafawa guda ɗaya, yawanci rukunin sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU) a cikin nau'in microprocessor, tare da wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, galibi semiconductor memory chips. Rukunin sarrafawa yana aiwatar da ayyuka na lissafi da ma'ana, kuma jerin abubuwa da naúrar sarrafawa na iya canza tsarin aiki don amsa bayanan da aka adana. Na'urori na gefe sun haɗa da na'urorin shigar da bayanai (allon madannai, mice, joystick, da dai sauransu), na'urorin fitarwa (na'urorin saka idanu, firinta, da dai sauransu), da na'urorin shigarwa / fitarwa waɗanda ke yin ayyuka biyu (misali, 2000s-era touchscreen). Na'urori na gefe suna ba da damar dawo da bayanai daga tushen waje kuma suna ba da damar adana sakamakon ayyuka da kuma dawo da su. Samfura: Iyakar TOC