Amantadine
Medication used to treat dyskinesia / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance.[7][8] It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist.[9][1] The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).[10][11]
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Trade names | Gocovri, Symadine, Symmetrel, others |
Other names | 1-Adamantylamine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682064 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth |
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Bioavailability | 86–90%[1] |
Protein binding | 67%[1] |
Metabolism | Minimal (mostly to acetyl metabolites)[1] |
Elimination half-life | 10–31 hours[1] |
Excretion | Urine[1] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.011.092 |
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Formula | C10H17N |
Molar mass | 151.253 g·mol−1 |
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Melting point | 180 °C (356 °F) [6] |
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Amantadine was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After its antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976.[12] In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended-release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.[13]
Amantadine has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, and confusion.[14] Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. Given that it is cleared by the kidneys, amantadine is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease.[5] Due to its anticholinergic effects, it should be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma.[15]