Hyperkinesia
Excessive movements due to basal ganglia dysfunction / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hyperkinesia refers to an increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both.[1] Hyperkinesia is a state of excessive restlessness which is featured in a large variety of disorders that affect the ability to control motor movement, such as Huntington's disease. It is the opposite of hypokinesia, which refers to decreased bodily movement, as commonly manifested in Parkinson's disease.
This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (November 2016) |
Hyperkinesia | |
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Other names | Hyperkinesis |
Basal ganglia and its normal pathways. This circuitry is often disrupted in hyperkinesia. | |
Specialty | Neurology |
Many hyperkinetic movements are the result of improper regulation of the basal gangliaāthalamocortical circuitry. Overactivity of a direct pathway combined with decreased activity of indirect pathway results in activation of thalamic neurons and excitation of cortical neurons, resulting in increased motor output.[2] Often, hyperkinesia is paired with hypotonia, a decrease in muscle tone.[3] Many hyperkinetic disorders are psychological in nature and are typically prominent in childhood.[4] Depending on the specific type of hyperkinetic movement, there are different treatment options available to minimize the symptoms, including different medical and surgical therapies. The word hyperkinesis comes from the Greek hyper, meaning "increased," and kinisis, meaning "movement."[5]