Abbasid Caliphate
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The Abbasid Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة العباسية al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah) wis the third o the Islamic caliphates tae succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.[2] Thay ruled as caliphs for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in Baghdad in modren-day Iraq, efter haein owerthrawn the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution o 750 CE (132 AH).
Abbasid Caliphate الخلافة العباسية | |||||||||||||||
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750–1258 1261–1517 (unner the Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo) | |||||||||||||||
The Black Banner o the Abbasids.[1] | |||||||||||||||
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850. | |||||||||||||||
Caipital | Kufa (750–762) Baghdad (762–796, 809–836, 892–1258) Ar-Raqqah (796–809) Samarra (836–892) Cairo (1261–1517) | ||||||||||||||
Common leids | Offeecial leid: Arabic Regional leids: Oghuz Turkic Aramaic, Armenian, Berber, Coptic, Georgian, Greek, Kurdish, Persie, Prakrit | ||||||||||||||
Releegion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||||||
Govrenment | Caliphate | ||||||||||||||
Caliph | |||||||||||||||
• 750–754 | As-Saffah (first) | ||||||||||||||
• 1242–1258 | Al-Musta'sim (last) (caliph in Baghdad) | ||||||||||||||
• 1508–1517 | al-Mutawakkil III(last) (caliph in cairo) | ||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||
• Established | 750 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1517 | ||||||||||||||
Currency | Dinar (gowd coin) Dirham (siller coin) Fals (copper coin) | ||||||||||||||
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The day pairt o | Kintras theday
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The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in Kufa, modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient Sasanian caipital ceety o Ctesiphon. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on Persie bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (naitional commonty). Persianate customs war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.[3] Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the Gowden Age o Islam.
Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab mawali (clients)[4] an Iranian bureaucrats.[5] Thay war forced tae cede authority ower Al-Andalus an the Maghreb tae the Umayyads in 756, Morocco tae the Idrisid dynasty in 788, Ifriqiya tae the Aghlabids in 800 an Egyp tae the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate o the Fatimids in 969.
The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian Buyids an the Seljuq Turks, that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast Islamic empire wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its Mesopotamian domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the sack o Baghdad bi the Mongols unner Hulagu Khan. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the Mamluk caipital o Cairo in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the Ottoman conquest o Egyp in 1517.[6]