Han dynasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Han dynasty (simplifeed Cheenese: 汉朝; traditeeonal Cheenese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) wis the seicont imperial dynasty o Cheenae, precedit bi the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) an succeedit bi the Three Kinricks period (220–280 AD). Spannin ower fower centuries, the Han period is conseedert a gowden age in Cheenese history.[5] Tae this day, Cheenae's majority ethnic group refers tae themsels as the "Han Cheenese" an the Cheenese script is referred tae as "Han chairacters".[6] It wis foondit bi the rebel leader Liu Bang, kent posthumously as Emperor Gaozu o Han, an briefly interruptit bi the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) o the umwhile regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty intae twa periods: the Wastren Han or Umwhile Han (206 BC – 9 AD) an the Eastren Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).
The "Scots" that wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid. Please mak this airticle mair better gin ye can. (Januar 2021) |
Han dynasty 漢朝 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
206 BC–220 AD | |||||||||||
A cairt o the Wastren Han Dynasty in 2 AD: 1) the territory shadit in dark blue represents the principalities andcentrally-admeenistered commanderies o the Han Empire; 2) the licht blue aurie shaws the extent o the Tarim Basin pertectorate o the Wastren Regions.[2] | |||||||||||
Status | Empire | ||||||||||
Caipital | Chang'an (206 BC – 9 AD, 190–195 AD) Luoyang (25–190 AD, 196 AD) Xuchang (196–220 AD) | ||||||||||
Common leids | Auld Cheenese | ||||||||||
Releegion | Taoism, Confucianism, Cheenese folk releegion | ||||||||||
Govrenment | Monarchy | ||||||||||
Emperor | |||||||||||
• 202–195 BC | Emperor Gaozu | ||||||||||
• 25–57 AD | Emperor Guangwu | ||||||||||
Chancellor | |||||||||||
• 206–193 BC | Xiao He | ||||||||||
• 193–190 BC | Cao Can | ||||||||||
• 189–192 AD | Dong Zhuo | ||||||||||
• 208–220 AD | Cao Cao | ||||||||||
• 220 AD | Cao Pi | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Establishment | 206 BC | ||||||||||
• Battle o Gaixia; Han rule o Cheenae begins | 202 BC | ||||||||||
• Interruption o Han rule | 9–23 | ||||||||||
• Abdication tae Cao Wei | 220 AD | ||||||||||
Aurie | |||||||||||
50 BC est.[3] | 6,000,000 km2 (2,300,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 2 AD[4] | 57,671,400 | ||||||||||
Currency | Ban liang coins an wu zhu coins | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
The day pairt o |
The emperor wis at the pinnacle o Han society. He presidit ower the Han govrenment but shared pouer wi baith the nobility an appyntit meenisters that cam lairgely frae the scholarly gentry cless. The Han Empire wis dividit intae auries directly controlled bi the central govrenment uisin an innovation inheritit frae the Qin kent as commanderies, an a nummer o semi-autonomous kinricks. Thir kinricks gradually lost aw vestiges o thair unthirldom, pairteecularly follaein the Rebellion o the Seiven States. Frae the ring o Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onwart, the Cheenese coort offeecially sponsored Confucianism in eddication an coort politics, synthesised wi the cosmology o later scholarts sic as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured till the faw o the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD.
The Han dynasty saw an age o economic prosperity an witnessed a signrrficant growthe o the money economy first established in the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued bi the central govrenment mint in 119 BC remeened the staundart coinage o Cheenae till the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a nummer o leemitit institutional innovations. Tae finance its militar campaigns an the dounset o newly conquered frontier territories, the Han govrenment naitionalised the preevat saut an airn industries in 117 BC, but thir govrenment monopolies war repealed in the Eastren Han dynasty. Science an technology in the Han period saw signeeficant advances, includin the process o papermakin, the nautical steerin ship rither, the uise o negative nummers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-pouered armillary sphere for astronomy, an a seismometer employin an invertit pendulum that coud be uised tae discern the cardinal direction o distant yirdquauks.
The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation,[7] defeatit the Han in 200 BC an forced the Han tae submit as a de facto inferior an vassal pairtner, but conteena'd thair militar raids on the Han mairches. Emperor Wu launched several militar campaigns against them. The ultimate Han veectory in thir wars eventually forced the Xiongnu tae accept vassal status as Han tributaries. Thir campaigns expandit Han sovereignty intae the Tarim Basin o Central Asie, dividit the Xiongnu intae twa separate confederations, an helped establish the vast tred netwark kent as the Silk Road, that reached as faur as the Mediterranean warld. The territories north o Han's mairches war quickly owerrun bi the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu launched successfu militar expedeetions in the sooth forby, annexin Nanyue in 111 BC an Dian in 109 BC, an in the Korean Peninsula whaur the Xuantu an Lelang Commanderies war established in 108 BC. Efter 92 AD, the pailace eunuchs increasinly involved themsels in coort politics, engagin in veeolent pouer struggles atween the various consort clans o the empresses an empresses dowager, causin the Han's ultimate dounfaw. Imperial authority wis seriously challenged bi lairge Daoist releegious societies that instigatit the Yellae Turban Rebellion an the Five Pecks o Rice Rebellion forby. Follaein the daith o Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the pailace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre bi militar officers, allouin members o the aristocracy an militar govrenors tae acome warlairds an divide the empire. Whan Cao Pi, King o Wei, usurped the throne frae Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased tae exeest.