Ethiopia
charu pa mphondo ya Afilika / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Charu cha Etiyopiya Name in national languages
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Nyimbo: ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ (English: "March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia") |
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Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani | Addis Ababa | |||||||||||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma | Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya[1][2][3] |
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Regional languages[4] |
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Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2007[5][6]) |
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Vipembezo |
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Mwenecharu | Ethiopian | |||||||||||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Federal parliamentary republic[7] | |||||||||||||
- | President | Sahle-Work Zewde | ||||||||||||
- | Prime Minister | Abiy Ahmed | ||||||||||||
- | Upper house | House of Federation | ||||||||||||
- | Lower house | House of Peoples' Representatives | ||||||||||||
Formation | ||||||||||||||
- | Ethiopian Empire | 1270 | ||||||||||||
- | Zemene Mesafint | 7 May 1769 | ||||||||||||
- | Reunification | 11 February 1855 | ||||||||||||
- | Centralisation | 1904 | ||||||||||||
- | Occupied and annexed into Italian East Africa | 9 May 1936 | ||||||||||||
- | Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement | 31 January 1942 | ||||||||||||
- | Derg | 12 September 1974 | ||||||||||||
- | Transitional government | 28 May 1991 | ||||||||||||
- | Current constitution | 21 August 1995 | ||||||||||||
Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||||||||||
- | Malo | 1,104,300[8] km2 (26th) 426,371 sq mi |
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- | Maji (%) | 0.7 | ||||||||||||
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||||||||||
- | 2023 estimate | 116,462,712[9] (13th) | ||||||||||||
- | 2007 census | 73,750,932[6] | ||||||||||||
- | Density | 92.7/km2 (123rd) 240.1/sq mi |
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GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |||||||||||||
- | Total | $394 billion[10] (55th) | ||||||||||||
- | Per capita | $3,724[10] (159th) | ||||||||||||
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |||||||||||||
- | Total | $156 billion[10] (59th) | ||||||||||||
- | Per capita | $1,475[10] (159th) | ||||||||||||
Gini (2015) | 35.0[11] medium |
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HDI (2021) | 0.498[12] low ·175th |
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Ndalama | Birr (ETB ) |
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Mtundu Wanyengo | EAT (UTC+3) | |||||||||||||
Woko la galimoto | right | |||||||||||||
Intaneti yacharu | .et |
Ethiopia,[lower-alpha 1] panji kuti Charu cha Etiyopiya, panji kuti Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, chili ku mpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Eritrea, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Djibouti, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Somalia, kumwera na Kenya, kumanjiliro gha dazi na South Sudan, kweniso kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na Sudan. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na malo ghakukwana 1,100,000 square kilometres. Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 113.5 miliyoni, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 13 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi.[13][14][15]Msumba ukuru wa Addis Ababa, uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift iyo yikupatura charu ichi kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri.[16]
Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakafuma mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Ethiopia ndipo ŵakaluta ku Near East na kunyake mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic.[17][18][19][20][21] Kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Afroasiatic. Mu 980 B.C.E., Ufumu wa D'mt ukathandazga ufumu wake pa charu cha Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, apo Ufumu wa Aksum ukalutilira kulamulira charu ichi vyaka 900. Ufumu uwu ukazomera Chikhristu mu 330, ndipo Chisilamu chikafika mu 615.[22] Pamanyuma pakuti msumba wa Aksum wabwangandulika mu 960, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa mu charu cha Etiyopiya. Ufumu wa Zagwe ukalamuliranga kumpoto na pakati m'paka apo ukawuskikira na Yekuno Amlak mu 1270, ndipo ukayambiska ufumu wa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Solomonic. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ufumu uwu ukakura chomene chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa vyawo na kulimbana na vigaŵa vinyake. Nkhondo ya Adal (1529-1543) ndiyo yikawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wakupambana. Themba Tewodros II likamalizga Zemene Mesafint mu 1855, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Etiyopiya wakolerane na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.[23]
Kwambira mu 1878, Themba Menelik II likapoka vigaŵa vinandi vya charu cha Ethiopia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Ethiopia chikajivikilira ku ŵalwani awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo na charu cha Egypt na Italy. Mu 1935, boma la Fascist Italy likapoka charu cha Ethiopia na kuwunjika pamoza na vyaru vya Eritrea na Somaliland. Mu 1941, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Gulu la Derg, ilo likawovwirika na Soviet Union, likamba kuwusa mu 1974 pamanyuma pa kuwuskapo Themba Haile Selassie na muwuso wa Solomoni. Pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Derg yikamara mu 1991, gulu la Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakwambana kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo ndyali zilije mtende. Kufuma mu 2018, magulu gha vigaŵa na gha mafuko ghakapanga nkhondo zinandi mu Ethiopia.[24]
Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakujumpha 80. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu. Boma ili ndilo likambiska Wupu wa United Nations, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 24, Gulu la Ŵambura Kujibatika, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 77, na Wupu wa Umoza wa ku Africa. Ku Addis Ababa ndiko kuli wupu wa African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa charu chose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene yayi, kweni nyengo zinyake chikucemeka kuti ni caru ico cikukura comene. Ndipouli, kuyana na ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska na fundo ya Human Development Index, caru ici nchikavu comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakavu, kweni ŵakuchindika yayi wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 49%. Ntchito za ulimi ndizo zikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Ethiopia, zomwe zikuyimira 36% ya GDP ya dzikolo kuyambira 2020.[25][26]