Mbili
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History (derived from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation')[1]ni kusambira na kulemba vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Nyengo iyo vinthu vikacitikiranga pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kulemba Baibolo yikucemeka kuti nyengo ya kutayikapo. Mazgu ghakuti "mbiri" ghakung'anamura vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka, ivyo ŵakasanga, ivyo ŵakuwunjika, ivyo ŵakuchita, na umo ŵakuviyowoyera. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakukhumba kumanya ivyo vikachitika kumasinda, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mabuku, mabuku, vinthu vyakuzengeka, na vinthu vinyake. Mbiri njambura kukwana ndipo yichali na vyakusisi.
Mbiri ni sayansi iyo yikugwiliskira nchito nkhani kuti yilongosore, kusanda, kufumba, na kusanda vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale, kweniso kuti yamanye umo vikacitikira. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakudumbiskana nkhani iyo yikulongosora makora ivyo vikachitika kweniso chifukwa icho vikachitikira. Ŵakumanya vya mdauko ŵakususkana na umo mdauko uliri, kweniso kuti ngwakuzirwa pa nkhani ya masuzgo gha mazuŵa ghano.
Nkhani izo zikukolerana na mitheto yinyake, kweni zikukolerana yayi na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya (nga ni nkhani izo zikuyowoya vya Themba Arthur), kanandi zikulongosoreka kuti ni nthano. Mbiri yikupambana na vidokoni pakuti yikukhozgeka na ukaboni. Ndipouli, mitheto yakale yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵapulikiskenge makora nkhani za mu Baibolo izo zasintha mu vyaka vinandi ndipo zikulutilira kusintha mazuŵa ghano. Kafukufuku wamakono wa mbiriyakale ndiwakutali, ndipo amaphatikizapo kuphunzira madera enaake ndi kuphunzira zinthu zina zapadera kapena zowunikira za kafukufuku wakale. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusambira mdauko mu masukulu gha pulayimale na sekondare.
Herodotus, uyo wakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., wakuchemeka "wiske wa mdauko" (pakuti ndiyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kumanya mdauko) nangauli ŵanthu ŵakumususka kuti ni "wiske wa utesi". Iyo pamoza na Thucydides, uyo wakaŵako mu nyengo yake, ndiwo ŵakambiska kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale. Ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuŵazga mabuku ghawo m'paka sono, ndipo mphambano pakati pa Herodotus na Thucydides, awo ŵakalembanga vya mitheto. Ku East Asia, mabuku gha boma ghakuchemeka Spring and Autumn Annals, ghakalembeka mu 722 B.C.E., nangauli ni mabuku gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E. pera agho ghachalipo.