UNelson Mandela
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
UNelson Rolihlahla Mandela Isi-Arabhu: نيلسون روليهلاهلا مانديلا, (/mæ<kspan title="'n' in 'no'">nˈdɛlə/;[1] wazalwa ngomhla ka 18 Julayi 1918 – washona ngomhla ka 5 Disemba 2013) wayengumlweli wenkululeko eNingizimu Afrika, owayelwa nembuso wobandlululo,usopolitiki, kanye nosiza abantu ngesihle ngezimali, owaba nguMongameli weNingizimu Afrika ukusukela ngo 1994 ukuya ku 1999. Waba nguMongameli wokuqala omnyama osebenza kuhulumeni, kanti futhi owayekhethwe kukhetho lokuqala lwenqubo yedimokhrasi. Uhulumeni wakhe wagxila kakhulu ekuqedeni izinsalela zenqubo yombuso wobandlululo ngokususa izikhungo zobandlululo ngokwebala ezazenziwe ngokomthetho wobandlululo lwebala kanti futhi egxila nasekubangeni umoya wokubuyisana phakathi kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama. Wasebenza kwezepolitiki njengomuntu omnyama womdabu onguMongameli weqembu le-African National Congress (ANC), ukusukekela ngo-1991 ukuya ku-1997.
Mandela]]
NjengomXhosa owazalelwa emndenini wobukhosi wabaThembu, uMandela wafunda eyunivesithi yase-Fort hare kanye nase-yunivesithi yase-Witwatersrand, lapho afunda khona ngomthetho. Wayehlala eJohannesburg, kanti futhi wajoyina umzabalazo wezepolitiki wokulwa nenqubo yobukoloni, wajoyina iANC nokuba ngomunye wabaqala uphiko lwezentsha lwe-Youth League. Ngemuva kokuba umbuso wedlanzane lamabhunu weqembu le-National Party uqinise inqubo yombuso wobandlululo ngokwebala, owawusebenzela ukusiza abamhlophe kuphela, waqokwa ukuba nguMongameli wegatsha le-ANC leTransvali, waba nodumu nokwaziwa kakhulu ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokucikela phansi imithetho yobandlululo, umkhankaso owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Defiance Campaign wango 1952, kanti waqokwa ukuba ngonsumpa kwinhlangano egatsheni leTransvaal, futhi nguye owaba ngumqhubi kwingqungquthela enkulu ngo-1955 eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Congress of the People. Ngesikhathi esebenza njengommeli noma igqwetha, waboshwa kaningi-ningi, eboshelwa ukucikela phansi imithetho yobandlululo, kanti yena nabanye abaholi be-ANC, baquliswa icala lokufuna ukuwisa umbuso wobandlululo ecaleni lodumu elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Treason Trial, elaqulwa ukusuka ngo-1956 ukuya ku 1961. Ngokugqugquzelwa yinqubo ye-Marxism, wajoyina iqembu lamabomvu le-South African Communist Party (SACP). Ngisho noma ekuqaleni wayezimisele ukuqhuba umzabalazo wokulwa nokubhikisha ngoxolo, yena ngokusebenzisana nabe-SACP basungula Umkhonto weSizwe ngo-1961, lapho khona abaqala umkhankaso wokucikela phansi izakhiwo zikahulumeni, umkhankaso owaziwa ngokuthi yi-sabotage campaign. Ngonyaka ka 1962, waboshwa waquliswa icala nokutholakala enecala lenguyazana yokuketula umbuso, kanti wagwetshwa isigwebo sokuhlala ejele impilo yakhe yonke, ecaleni eladuma kakhulu nokwaziwa njenge-Rivonia Trial.
UMandela wahlala ejele iminyaka engu 27, waqala wahlala esiqiwini se-Robben Island, kanti kamuva wadluliselwa ejele lase-Pollsmoor, nasejele lase-Victor Verster Prison. Ngenxa yengcindezi yemizabalazo yamazwe omhlaba, kanye nokwesabela impi yobuhlanga phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama, uMongameli uF.W de Klerk wakhulula uMandela ngo-1990. UMandela no-De Klerk bangenela izingxoxo zokuqeda umbuso wobandlululo kwase kugqugquzelwa ukhetho lwazo zonke izinhlangano ngo-1994, lapho khona uMandela ahola khona i-ANC ukunqoba okhethweni kanti waba nguMongameli. Emuva kwalokhu waqhuba uhulumeni kazwelonke wobunye (Government of National Unity), owahlahla uMthethosisekelo omusha, uMandela wagxila kakhulu kwinqubo yomoya wokubuyisana kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama ezweni, kanti futhi lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kweKhomishana Yamaqiniso nokuBuyisana eyayaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Truth and Reconciliation Commission ukuphenya ngokucikelwa phansi kwamalungelo obuntu ngesikhathi esedlule. Ngisho noma uhulumeni kaMandela waqhubeka nenqubo yohulumeni wesikhathi esedlule inqubo ye-liberalism kwezomnotho, uhulumeni wakhe, wasungula izindlela zokukhuthaza izinguquko kwezomhlaba, ukulwa nenhlupheko, kanye nokunabisa amasevisi onakekelo lwezempilo. Emkhakheni wamazwe omhlaba, wasebenza njengomlamuli kwicala lokubhonywa kweNdiza ye-Pan Am Flight 103, kanti futhi waba nguNobhala-Jikelele wenhlangano ye-Non-Aligned Movement ukusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku 1999. Kwisihlandla sesibili sombuso wazikhulula ukuba nguMongameli, isikhundla sobungameli sathathwa yisekela lakhe uThabo Mbeki. UMandela njengomhlonipheki ezweni, noma engeseyena uMongameli, waqhubeka nemisebenzi yokusebenzela isizwe ngesihle, esebenza kumkhankaso wokulwa ne-HIV/AIDS esebenza ngaphansi kwehlangano yakhe ayisungula ye-Nelson Mandela Foundation.
UMandela wayengumuntu abantu abangomqondi uhlangothi aye kulo empilweni yakhe yonke. Abamsolayo ngasohlangothini lwesokudla noma ontamolukhuni babemgxeka bethi uyikhomanisi, kanti labo abangasohlangothini lwesinxele abazishoshovu zomzabalazo babemgxeka ngokuthi ongumuntu ofuna ukusheshe axoxisane nokuxolela abasekeli bombuso wobandlululo. Kodwa waba ngumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu kumazwe omhlaba ngentshiseko yakhe emzabalazweni nasekubangeni uxolo, wathola izindlondlo zokuhlonishwa ezingu 250, ezibandakanya i-Nobel Peace Prize, kanye nendlondlo yePresidential Medal of Freedom yaseMelika, kanye nendlondlo ye-Lenin Peace Prize yaseSoviet. Uhlonishwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, lapho abizwa khona ngesithakazelo sakhe sesiXhosa sikaMadiba, noma uTata ("Ubaba"), kanti futhi uchazwa njengo"Baba Wesizwe".